CAP-I Mega Q&A: Accounting • Economics • CMS • Mercantile Law — Long Answers & Highlights (ICAN Nepal 2025)
CAP-I Accounting: Questions & Answers + Student Summary #CAP_I #Accounting #Nepal #Kathmandu #EmpiricalTen
In Fundamentals of Accounting, students must master the flow from the Trial Balance to the Trading Account, then the Profit & Loss Account, and finally the Balance Sheet, while applying adjustments like closing inventory valuation (cost vs NRV), depreciation, provisions for doubtful debts, manager’s commission, and rectification entries. This post presents short, exam-style questions followed by concise, high-impact answers so learners can build strong concepts and then write a one-page summary for revision. #TradingAccount #ProfitAndLoss #BalanceSheet #Inventory #NRV #Depreciation #Provision #Rectification #ManagerCommission
Q1) How do you value closing inventory at year-end? #Inventory #NRV #ICAN #CAP_I
Answer (expand/collapse) #Answer #Concept
Rule: Value inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value (NRV). #LowerOfCostOrNRV
Cost includes: purchase price, import duties (non-recoverable), freight/carriage inward, and conversion costs; exclude abnormal waste. #CostComponents #CarriageInward
NRV equals: estimated selling price minus costs of completion and selling (e.g., packaging, commissions). #SellingPrice #CompletionCosts #Commissions
Impact: If NRV < cost → recognize a loss in P&L; if NRV ≥ cost → carry at cost; disclose method consistently. #Conservatism #Consistency
Q2) Capital vs Revenue Expenditure — what’s the difference? #CapitalExpenditure #RevenueExpenditure #FixedAssets
Answer (expand/collapse) #Answer #Concept
Capital Expenditure: creates/improves a long-term asset and yields benefits beyond one period (e.g., machinery purchase, building extension). Capitalize and depreciate. #Capex #Depreciation
Revenue Expenditure: incurred for day-to-day operations (e.g., repairs, routine maintenance). Expense in the current period. #Opex #Repairs
Installation Wages: add to asset cost (capital), not P&L expense. #InstallationCost
Q3) How to compute manager’s commission on “net profit after commission”? #Commission #NetProfit #AfterCommission
Answer (expand/collapse) #Answer #Formula
Given: commission rate = r% on net profit after commission; profit before commission = P. #Given #Notation
Formula: Commission = (r / (100 + r)) × P. Example: r = 5%, P = 100,000 → Commission = 5/105 × 100,000 = 4,761.90. #WorkedExample
Posting: Debit P&L (expense); credit Commission Payable (liability). #JournalEntry #Liability
Q4) What is the treatment of bad debts, provision for doubtful debts & discount on debtors? #BadDebts #Provision #DiscountOnDebtors
Answer (expand/collapse) #Answer #Adjustments
Bad Debts: write off irrecoverable balances to P&L. #WriteOff #P&L
Provision for Doubtful Debts: create expected-loss buffer (e.g., 5%) on adjusted debtors; debit P&L, credit Provision (contra asset). #ExpectedCreditLoss
Provision for Discount on Debtors: after deducting doubtful provision, apply % for likely cash discounts; debit P&L, credit Allowance. #CashDiscount
Q5) Sales on approval (sale or return): what to reverse at period end? #SaleOnApproval #Cutoff #RevenueRecognition
Answer (expand/collapse) #Answer #Cutoff
If customer hasn’t accepted: reverse sales and cost entries; treat goods as closing stock at cost; show any debtor as a memo only. #Reversal #Inventory
Financial Statement Impact: Sales ↓, Debtors ↓, Stock ↑; correct profit and ratios. #Impact #Ratios
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