Differences Between Monopoly Competition and Perfect Competition

1. Monopoly Competition (एकाधिकार प्रतिस्पर्धा) vs. Perfect Competition (सिद्ध प्रतिस्पर्धा)

Monopoly and Perfect Competition are two extreme market structures in economics. Monopoly refers to a market where only one seller exists, whereas Perfect Competition refers to a market where many sellers sell identical products.

1️⃣ Monopoly Competition (एकाधिकार प्रतिस्पर्धा) – 15 Key Points with Examples

In English:

Definition: A monopoly is a market with a single seller and no close substitutes.
- Example: Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) is the only provider of electricity in Nepal.
Number of Sellers: Only one seller controls the entire market.
- Example: Google (in search engines), Microsoft Windows (in PC OS).
Number of Buyers: Many buyers purchase from the single seller.
Product Uniqueness: The product has no close substitutes.
- Example: Patented medicines by pharmaceutical companies.
Price Maker: The seller can set the price because of no competition.
- Example: If NEA raises electricity prices, customers must pay as no alternative exists.
Market Entry: Very difficult due to high entry barriers like patents, licenses, and high costs.
- Example: New telecom companies cannot easily enter Nepal’s telecom sector.
Profit Maximization: The firm enjoys high profits due to lack of competition.
Government Regulation: Governments may control monopoly prices.
- Example: The Nepal government regulates the petroleum price through Nepal Oil Corporation.
Advertising Role: Limited advertising since no competition exists.
Demand Curve: Downward sloping because a higher price reduces demand.
Price Discrimination: Monopolies can charge different prices to different customers.

Example: Airlines charge different fares for the same seat based on booking time.

Inefficiency: Monopolies may not focus on improving product quality.
Consumer Exploitation: Prices are higher as customers lack alternatives.
Long-Term Profit: Monopolies earn long-term profits due to no competition.
Example Industries: Electricity (NEA), Railways, Microsoft Windows, Google Search.

In Nepali (नेपालीमा):

परिभाषा: एकाधिकार बजारमा एउटै विक्रेता हुन्छ, जसको कुनै नजिकको प्रतिस्पर्धी हुँदैन।
- उदाहरण: नेपाल विद्युत प्राधिकरण (NEA) मात्र बिजुली आपूर्तिकर्ता हो।
विक्रेताको सङ्ख्या: बजारमा एउटै विक्रेता हुन्छ।
- उदाहरण: गूगल सर्च इञ्जिन, माइक्रोसफ्ट विन्डोज।
क्रेताको सङ्ख्या: धेरै क्रेताहरू एकल विक्रेताबाट सामान किन्छन्।
वस्तुको अनौठोपन: उत्पादनको कुनै प्रतिस्थापन हुँदैन।
- उदाहरण: केही औषधि कम्पनीको प्याटेन्ट गरिएको औषधि।
मूल्य निर्धारण: कम्पनीले मूल्य निर्धारण गर्छ किनभने प्रतिस्पर्धा हुँदैन।
- उदाहरण: NEA ले बिजुलीको मूल्य बढाएमा ग्राहकले तिर्नै पर्छ।
बजार प्रवेश: धेरै गाह्रो, किनभने सरकारले अनुमति पत्र वा उच्च लागतको कारण नयाँ कम्पनी आउन सक्दैन।
- उदाहरण: नेपाल टेलिकमको दूरसञ्चार क्षेत्रमा प्रभुत्व।
नाफा अधिकतम: प्रतिस्पर्धा नभएकाले कम्पनीले धेरै नाफा कमाउँछ।
सरकारी नियन्त्रण: सरकारले मूल्य नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्छ।
- उदाहरण: नेपाल आयल निगमले पेट्रोलको मूल्य नियन्त्रण गर्छ।
विज्ञापन भूमिका: अलि कम विज्ञापन आवश्यक पर्छ।
माग वक्र: ओरालो जान्छ, किनभने मूल्य बढ्दा माग घट्छ।
मूल्य भेदभाव: ग्राहकअनुसार फरक मूल्य लिन सक्छ।

उदाहरण: उडान भाडा अग्रिम बुकिङ गरे सस्तो पर्छ।

अप्रभावी: कम्पनी सुधार गर्न रुचाउँदैन किनभने प्रतिस्पर्धा छैन।
ग्राहक शोषण: उच्च मूल्य तिर्न बाध्य हुन्छन्।
लामो समय नाफा: बजारमा प्रतिस्पर्धा नभएकाले दीर्घकालीन रूपमा मुनाफा हुन्छ।
उदाहरण: नेपाल विद्युत प्राधिकरण, रेलवे, माइक्रोसफ्ट, गूगल सर्च।

2️⃣ Perfect Competition (सिद्ध प्रतिस्पर्धा) – 15 Key Points with Examples

In English:

Definition: A market where many sellers sell identical products and no seller can control the price.
- Example: Agricultural markets, like rice and wheat.
Number of Sellers: Many sellers selling the same product.
Number of Buyers: Many buyers purchase products freely.
Product Homogeneity: All firms sell identical products.
- Example: Sugar, salt, vegetables.
Price Taker: Firms cannot set their own prices; they accept the market price.
Market Entry: Free and easy for new sellers.
Profit Maximization: Firms can earn normal profit in the long run.
Government Role: Minimal government intervention.
Advertising: No need for advertising as products are identical.
Demand Curve: Horizontal (Perfectly Elastic) because firms must sell at the market price.
Consumer Benefits: Prices are low due to high competition.
Efficiency: Firms must be efficient to survive.
Short-Term Profit: Firms may earn abnormal profit in the short run but normal profit in the long run.
Flexible Pricing: Prices fluctuate based on demand and supply.
Example Markets: Agricultural goods (rice, wheat), stock market.

In Nepali (नेपालीमा):

परिभाषा: यस्तो बजार जहाँ धेरै विक्रेताले एउटै प्रकारको उत्पादन बेच्दछन् र कोही पनि मूल्य नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्दैन।
- उदाहरण: चामल, गहुँ, तरकारी बजार।
विक्रेताको सङ्ख्या: धेरै विक्रेताहरू छन्।
क्रेताको सङ्ख्या: धेरै क्रेताहरू स्वतन्त्र रूपमा सामान किन्छन्।
उत्पादन समानता: सबै कम्पनीहरूले उस्तै उत्पादन बेच्दछन्।
- उदाहरण: नुन, चिनी, चामल।
मूल्य निर्धारण: कम्पनीहरू मूल्य निर्धारण गर्न सक्दैनन्; बजारले मूल्य निर्धारण गर्छ।
बजार प्रवेश: नयाँ विक्रेताहरू सजिलै बजारमा प्रवेश गर्न सक्छन्।
नाफा अधिकतम: छोटो अवधिमा धेरै नाफा हुन सक्छ, तर लामो अवधिमा सामान्य नाफा हुन्छ।
सरकारी भूमिका: कम हस्तक्षेप।
विज्ञापन: आवश्यक छैन किनभने उत्पादन उस्तै छ।
माग वक्र: तेर्सो (पूर्ण लोचशील), किनभने कम्पनीले बजार मूल्य स्वीकार्छ।
ग्राहक फाइदा: मूल्य सस्तो हुन्छ किनभने प्रतिस्पर्धा धेरै छ।
कुशलता: कम्पनीहरू कुशल हुनुपर्छ, नभए टिक्न सक्दैनन्।
लघु अवधिमा नाफा: छोटो समयमा बढी नाफा, तर लामो अवधिमा सामान्य नाफा मात्र हुन्छ।
लचिलो मूल्य: माग र आपूर्तिका आधारमा मूल्य परिवर्तन हुन्छ।
उदाहरण: कृषि उत्पादन (धान, गहुँ), शेयर बजार।

Conclusion (निष्कर्ष)

Monopoly has one seller, high prices, and less competition.
Perfect Competition has many sellers, lower prices, and more competition.

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Differences Between Monopoly Competition and Perfect Competition - NEB Grade 12 Economics, Management

Differences Between Monopoly Competition and Perfect Competition

1. Monopoly Competition (एकाधिकार प्रतिस्पर्धा) vs. Perfect Competition (सिद्ध प्रतिस्पर्धा)

1️⃣ Monopoly Competition (एकाधिकार प्रतिस्पर्धा) – 15 Key Points with Examples

In English:

In Nepali (नेपालीमा):

2️⃣ Perfect Competition (सिद्ध प्रतिस्पर्धा) – 15 Key Points with Examples

In English:

In Nepali (नेपालीमा):

Conclusion (निष्कर्ष)

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